The study published in the Norwegian journal “Internasjonal Politikk” sheds light on the profound changes in the understanding of radicalization since the 9/11 attacks and its role in shaping counter-terrorism strategies. Following these attacks, radicalization was generally perceived as a process through which a person becomes willing to support or engage in acts of terrorism. This understanding laid the foundation for security practices and policies across Europe, with the United Kingdom being a standout as a trendsetter in this field.

The study highlights emerging trends that challenge traditional assumptions about the ideological and cognitive roles in radicalization processes. Counter-terrorism agencies are increasingly focusing on very young individuals who frequently lack clear ideological motives, reflecting a shift from classical frameworks where ideology played a central role in understanding radicalization. Such developments question the sustainability of the radicalization concept as both an explanatory model for terrorism and a practical basis for counter-terrorism measures.

European researchers and policymakers face significant challenges in adapting to these shifts, particularly in forging clear and effective definitions of radicalization. If ideological drivers are no longer as central as previously believed, existing strategies may fall short in identifying and managing real threats. The UK remains an insightful case study, given its leadership role in global counter-terrorism strategies since the early 2000s.

Additionally, the study argues that the heavy focus on cognitive and attitudinal aspects of radicalization has neglected the broader structural and social causes of the phenomenon. Rather than viewing radicalization solely as an isolated psychological or cognitive process, factors such as poverty, social exclusion, and international policies must be acknowledged as significant drivers. Addressing these factors necessitates a substantial and inclusive reorientation of counter-terrorism strategies to ensure they are more effective and sustainable.

Looking ahead, the study calls for a multidimensional approach that incorporates both local and international contexts, deeper investigations into youth and non-ideologically driven radicalization cases, and enhanced European collaboration to build coherent policy frameworks amidst a rapidly shifting global landscape.